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Introducción: Existe escasa evidencia epidemiológica actual sobre helmintos intestinales en Chile. Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de infecciones por helmintos intestinales en un centro de salud en Santiago, Chile. Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de helmintos intestinales diagnosticados en muestras parasitológicas de rutina en el Laboratorio de Microbiología de Clínica Alemana de Santiago, entre los años 2015 y 2019. Las pruebas diagnósticas se seleccionaron según la solicitud médica. Los datos se obtuvieron de los sistemas informáticos del laboratorio y se analizaron de manera anonimizada. Resultados: Se detectaron 127 infecciones por helmintos en 11.809 muestras estudiadas (1,1%). Estas infecciones fueron: 78 (61,4%) Enterobius vermicularis, 25 (19,6%) Dibothriocephalus/Adenocephalus spp., 9 (7,1%) Taenia spp., 6 (4,7%) Pseudoterranova spp., 5 (3,9%) Strongyloides stercoralis y 4 (3,1%) Ascaris lumbricoides. Enterobius vermicularis predominó en niños y adolescentes; Dibothriocephalus/ Adenocephalus spp. predominó en adultos. Conclusión: El estudio proporciona información epidemiológica actual sobre la distribución de helmintos intestinales en muestras clínicas en Santiago, Chile. Enterobius vermicularis fue prevalente, seguido de helmintos transmitidos por alimentos mientras que los transmitidos por el suelo solo se detectaron ocasionalmente. El surgimiento de difilobotriasis y anisakidosis (pseudoterranoviasis), es relevante y posiblemente se relacione con cambios en las condiciones de vida y la cultura alimentaria en Chile.
Background: Epidemiological information on the current prevalence of intestinal helminths in Chile is scarce. Aim: To describe the prevalence of different intestinal helminth infections in a healthcare center in Santiago, Chile. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of intestinal helminths diagnosed in routine parasitological samples in the microbiological laboratory of Clínica Alemana Santiago, Chile, between 2015 and 2019. Diagnostic tests were applied according to the sender's request. Data were obtained from laboratory information systems and analyzed in an anonymized manner. Results: Among 11,809 samples, 127 (1.1%) helminth infections were detected, of those, 78 (61.4%) were Enterobius vermicularis, 25 (19.6%) Dibothriocephalus/Adenocephalus spp., 9 (7.1%) Taenia spp., 6 (4.7%) Pseudoterranova spp., 5 (3.9%) Strongyloides stercoralis, and 4 (3.1%) Ascaris lumbricoides. Enterobius vermicularis was predominant among children and adolescents, while Dibothriocephalus/Adenocephalus spp. was the most frequent helminth in adults. Conclusion: The study provides updated epidemiological information on distribution of helminth infections in clinical samples in Santiago, Chile. After E. vermicularis, food-borne helminths were second most prevalent, while soiltransmitted helminths were very rarely detected. The emergence of diphyllobothriasis and anisakidosis (pseudoterranoviasis) is noteworthy and possibly related to changes in living conditions and food culture in Chile.
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Resumen El abuso y mal uso de los antimicrobianos aceleró la propagación de bacterias resistentes. La asociación entre las infecciones que presentan resistencia a antimicrobianos (RAM) en humanos y el uso de antimicrobianos en la producción agropecuaria es compleja, pero está bien documentada. Proporcionamos una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis sobre la diseminación de la resistencia a antimicrobianos designados como críticamente importantes por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en cerdos, aves y bovinos de producción intensiva y extensiva en Argentina. Se buscó información en bases de datos electrónicas (Medline-PubMed, Web of Science, SciELO, Sistema Nacional de Repositorios Digitales de Argentina) y en la literatura gris. Se incluyeron estudios epidemiológicos sobre la RAM en las principales bacterias transmitidas por los alimentos - Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli y Enterococcus spp. - y bacterias causantes de mastitis aisladas de cerdos, pollos y bovinos. Los resultados de este estudio apoyan la hipótesis de que la RAM de las bacterias transmitidas por los alimentos alcanza niveles alarmantes. Los metaanálisis seguidos de análisis por subgrupos mostraron asociación entre la RAM y (a) el animal (p<0,01) para estreptomicina, ampicilina y tetraciclina o (b) el sistema productivo (p<0,05) para estreptomicina, cefotaxima, ampicilina, ácido nalidíxico y tetraciclina. La mayor prevalencia conjunta de multirresistencia se detectó en cerdos (0,47 [0,29; 0,66]) y producción intensiva (0,62 [0,34; 0,83]), mientras que la menor correspondió a bovinos de leche (0,056 [0,003; 0,524]) y producción extensiva (0,107 [0,043; 0,240]). Se observó un vacío de información respecto de los bovinos de feedlot. Es urgente adoptar medidas políticas para coordinar y armonizar la vigilancia de la RAM y regular el uso de antimicrobianos en animales.
Abstract Abuse and misuse of antimicrobial agents has accelerated the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. The association between antimicrobial-resistant infections in humans and antimicrobial use in agriculture is complex, but well-documented. This study provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to antimicrobials defined as critically important by the WHO, in swine, chicken, and cattle from intensive and extensive production systems in Argentina. We conducted searches in electronic databases (MEDLINE-PubMed, Web of Science, SciELO, the National System of Digital Repositories from Argentina) as well as in the gray literature. Inclusion criteria were epidemiological studies on AMR in the main food-transmitted bacteria, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., and mastitis-causing bacteria, isolated from swine, chicken, dairy and beef cattle from Argentina. This study gives evidence for supporting the hypothesis that AMR of common food-transmitted bacteria in Argentina is reaching alarming levels. Meta-analyses followed by subgroup analyses confirmed the association between the prevalence of AMR and (a) animal species (p<0.01) for streptomycin, ampicillin and tetracycline or (b) the animal production system (p<0.05) for streptomycin, cefotaxime, nalidixic acid, ampicillin and tetracycline. Moreover, swine (0.47 [0.29; 0.66]) and intensive production (0.62 [0.34; 0.83]) showed the highest pooled prevalence of multidrug resistance while dairy (0.056 [0.003; 0.524]) and extensive production (0.107 [0.043; 0.240]) showed the lowest. A research gap regarding beef-cattle from feedlot was identified. Finally, there is an urgent need for political measures meant to coordinate and harmonize AMR surveillance and regulate antimicrobial use in animal production.
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Objective To investigate the prevalence of parasitic infections in human stool samples from a hospital in Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, so as to provide insights into the management of intestinal parasitic diseases. Methods Stool samples were collected from patients admitted to a hospital in Chenzhou City from September 2020 to March 2021, subjected to physiological saline smearing and microscopy for detection of intestinal parasites. The prevalence of parasitic infections and the species of parasites were descriptively analyzed. Results The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 1.61% in the 10 728 stool samples, and there were 3 samples with mixed infections of two parasite species. A total of seven parasite species were identified, including Blastocystis hominis (162 cases, 1.55%), Giardia lamblia (5 cases, 0.05%), Dientamoeba fragilis (5 cases, 0.05%), Endolimax nana (one case, 0.01%), Iodamoeba bütschlii (one case, 0.01%), Strongyloides stercoralis (one case, 0.01%) and Trichomonas hominis (one case, 0.01%). The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was significantly higher among women than in men (2.14% vs. 1.25%; χ2 = 13.01, P < 0.01), and a high prevalence rate was seen among patients at ages of 20 to 30 years (2.99%) and 80 years and older (2.86%); however, no age-specific prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was detected (χ2 = 12.45, P > 0.05). Conclusions The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was low among patients admitted to a hospital in Chenzhou City, and gender-specific prevalence was found. Food-borne and opportunistic parasites were predominant intestinal parasites, including B. hominis, G. lamblia and D. fragilis.
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Objective To understand the contamination status of common food-borne pathogens in foods sold in Changzhou, and to provide evidence for food safety risk assessment and prevention of food-borne diseases. Methods From 2010 to 2020 , 2 513 samples of 17 types of foods were collected in Changzhou area. The detection of pathogenic bacteria was carried out in accordance with the standard operation procedure specified in the “Workbook for Surveillance on Food Microorganisms and Pathogenic Factors in Jiangsu Province”. Results A total of 260 positive samples of common food-borne pathogens were detected in all 2 513 samples with an overall detection rate of 10.30%. Single factor analysis showed that the detection rate of pathogenic bacteria in non-ready-to-eat samples was higher than that in ready-to-eat samples (χ2=148.875，P =0.000). The detection rate of pathogenic bacteria in bulk samples was higher than that in prepackaged ones (χ2=70.956，P=0.000). There is a difference in the detection rate of food-borne pathogens from different types of sampling sites (χ2=65.017，P=0.000). Logistic regression analysis showed that ready-to-eat food, packaging type, and sampling season were significantly correlated with the detection rate of food-borne pathogens. The detection rate of pathogenic bacteria in samples collected in the third or fourth quarters was higher than that in the first quarter. Conclusion The commercial foods sold in Changzhou have a relatively high level of contamination of food-borne pathogenic bacteria, and they should be fully heated and sterilized before consumption. The relevant departments should strengthen supervision and health education in summer and autumn.
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Objective To analysize the temporal trends in the disease burden of major human parasitic diseases in China from 1990 to 2019, so as to provide the evidence for improving the parasitic disease control strategy in China.. Methods The disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of malaria, intestinal nematode infections, schistosomiasis, food-borne trematodiases, cysticercosis and echinococcosis in China from 1990 to 2019 were captured from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019), and age- and gender-specific DALYs of parasitic diseases were estimated. The temporal trends in DALYs of malaria, intestinal nematode infections, schistosomiasis, food-borne trematodiases, cysticercosis and echinococcosis were evaluated in China from 1990 to 2019 using average annual percent change (AAPC) with Joinpoint regression analysis. Results The DALYs were 643 836.42 person-years due to food-borne trematodiases, 156 853.03 person-years due to cysticercosis, 79 764.62 person-years due to schistosomiasis, 70 989.73 person-years due to intestinal nematode infections, 4 258.61 person-years due to echinococcosis and 264.86 person-years due to malaria in China in 2019, respectively. The overall DALYs of six parasitic diseases were higher among men (546 441.93 person-years) than among women (409 525.33 person-years), and were greater among adults at ages of 14 to 65 years (684 780.84 person-years) than among children at 14 years and lower (35 437.38 person-years) and the elderly at ages of 65 years and older (235 749.04 person-years). During the period from 1990 to 2019, food-borne trematodiases were the leading cause of DALYs among the six parasitic diseases, and cysticercosis shifted from the fourth leading cause in 1990 to the second leading cause of DALYs in China in 2019, while intestinal nematode infections shifted from the second leading cause in 1990 to the fourth leading cause of DALYs in 2019. The DALYs of major human parasitic diseases appeared an overall tendency towards a decline in China from 1990 to 2019, with the fastest drop seen in DALYs due to malaria (AAPC = −19.6%, P = 0.003), followed by due to intestinal nematode infections (AAPC = −8.2%, P < 0.001) and schistosomiasis (AAPC = −3.1%, P < 0.001), and a slow decline was seen in the DALYs of food-borne trematodiases (AAPC = −1.0%, P < 0.001), while there were no significant decrease in the DALYs of echinococcosis (AAPC = −0.5%, P = 0.264) and the DALYs of cysticercosis appeared a tendency towards a rise (AAPC = 0.7%, P < 0.001). Conclusions The disease burden of major human parasitic diseases appeared an overall tendency towards a decline in China from 1990 to 2019, with a high disease burden seen due to food-borne parasitic diseases, no remarkable reduction seen in echinococcosis, and a tendency towards a rise seen in cysticercosis. It is recommended to focus on echinococcosis control, and continue to consolidate the control achievements of other major human parasitic diseases in China; meanwhile, the surveillance and prevention of food-borne parasitic diseases should be reinforced.
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Background: Unsafe food processing and preservation among food handlers has been one of the common causes of food and waterborne diseases. This study aimed to identify factors contributing tounsafe food processing and preservation practices among food handlers in Obio-Akpor LGA of Rivers state. Materials and Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study whichassessed 365 food handlers in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant data. Quantitative datawas presented as frequencies and percentages. All statistical tests were set at a significance level of p< 0.05. Results: Findings show that out of the 365 food handlers who participated in the study, only 43.0% had a set of standard practice guidelines. 47.4% of the food handlers practiced unsafe food processing and preservation methods.Duration of practice for more than 5 years (63.6% vs. 36.4%; p=0.04) and scale of business (large/small) (turnover>NGN50, 000.00) ((58.4%, vs. 10.4%, p=0.05) were significantly associated with unsafe food processing and preservation practicesas handlers who have been in the food business longer and those with larger scale food outlets tended to have better standards. Conclusion: Unsafe food processing practices exist among food handlers with nearly half of the food handlers studied having poor practices. Inadequate working experience and the presence of more small and medium scale businesses was found to be the factors affecting unsafe food processing and preservation practices in our locality.
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Objective In order to understand the contamination status of food-borne pathogens in food in Nantong City, and to provide a scientific basis for food safety risk assessment and supervision. Methods The monitoring was performed according to the plan of food safety risk surveillance in Nantong City and the manual on monitoring microbes and its pathogenic factors in foodstuffs of Jiangsu Province. A total of 1025 food samples of 11 kinds were monitored from 2017 to 2020 for detecting of pathogenic bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, and the test results were summarized, analyzed and evaluated. Results A total of 142 pathogenic bacteria were detected, with a total positive rate of 13.85%. The detection rate was the highest in 2018 (25.65%), and the lowest in 2017 (4.98%). The highest detection rate was found in meat and meat products(25.38%), followed by aquatic products and animal products (17.92%), cooked rice and flour products around the school (14.29%), the detection rate of barreled drinking water was the lowest (2.86%). 170 strains of pathogenic bacteria were detected from 1025 samples. The higher positive rate was Bacillus cereus in the cooked rice flour products around the school, and 5 strains of Bacillus cereus were detected, with the detection rate was 14.29%. 18 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were detected in meat and meat products, and the detection rate was 13.85%; 70 Vibrio parahaemolyticus were detected in aquatic products, and the detection rate was 13.49%; 16 Listeria monocytogenes were detected in meat and meat products, and the detection rate was 12.31%. The positive rate of catering links is higher than that of circulation links, and the positive rate of urban areas is higher than that of rural areas. Conclusions Pathogenic bacteria were detected in different kinds of food, and the overall situation of food safety is stable. In the future, the monitoring scope will be expanded continuously, the monitoring continuity will be strengthened, the sampling quantity will be increased, the monitoring quality will be improved, the trend of food pollution change in the city shall be mastered in time, food safety warning shall be well done, and food safety education shall be strengthened for food practitioners, food pollution risk shall be reduced and food safety shall be effectively guaranteed.
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Objective @#To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of food-borne diseases in Jinshan District, Shanghai from 2014 to 2020, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the public health strategy for food-borne diseases control. @*Methods @#The medical records of patients with food-borne diseases were collected from 16 monitoring hospitals in Jinshan District from 2014 to 2020, and the basic information, clinical symptoms, history of suspicious dietary exposure and disease diagnosis were extracted. The crowd distribution, temporal distribution, spatial distribution, history of suspected dietary exposure and etiological characteristics of patients with food-borne diseases were descriptively analyzed.@*Results @#A total of 1 060 cases with food-borne diseases were reported in Jinshan District from 2014 to 2020, including 1 057 cases with infectious diseases ( 99.72% ) and 3 poisoning cases ( 0.28% ). The male/female ratio of the cases was 0.94∶1, and 47.55% ( 504 cases ) were at ages of 15 to 44 years. Working ( 402 cases, 37.92% ) and farming ( 218 cases, 20.57% ) were predominant occupations, and the detection of food-borne diseases was concentrated between May and October, with two peaks seen in August and May. The suspicious food exposure was predominantly meat and meat products (215 cases, 20.28%), and the suspicious food exposure place was predominantly at home ( 363 cases, 34.25% ). In addition, the positive rate of food-borne infection was 23.03% in 712 samples, including 123 samples with Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections ( 17.83% positive rate ), and 26 samples with Salmonella infections ( 3.65% positive rate ).@*Conclusion @#Food-borne diseases were highly prevalent in summer in Jinshan District from 2014 to 2020, and infectious cases were predominant. Young people, workers and farmers are at high risk of food-borne diseases, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella were predominant pathogens.
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ObjectiveTo determine the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of a norovirus GII.17 outbreak in Minhang District of Shanghai in 2018， and provide evidence for prevention and control measures of norovirus infection. MethodsDescriptive epidemiological analysis was performed. In addition， a retrospective cohort study was conducted to determine the risk factors. ResultsFrom May 30th to June 1st of 2018， a total of 132 cases （126 clinical cases and 6 confirmed cases） were documented，with an attack rate of 29.20%（132/452）.All cases were children in a kindergarten， with the average age of 5 years and 43.9% being male. The cases were reported in all the classes， with no clustering by class or floor．The epidemic curve was characterized by a point source exposure， which was estimated to be probably between 7 AM on May 30thand 0：30 AM on May 31st. The retrospective cohort study showed that the attack rate significantly differed between the children who had taken and did not take the school lunch （RR=∞） on May 30th，and those who had taken and did not take seafood noodles （RR=4.11， 95%CI：1.09-15.55） （P<0.05）. Among a total of 73 specimens， six specimens collected in child cases and one specimen in an asymptomatic chef tested positive for GII.17 type of norovirus. In addition， one retained food specimen of seafood noodles was positive for Aeromonas hydrophila. Viral shedding in the asymptomatic chef remained over 30 days. ConclusionThe outbreak was caused by seafood noodles contaminated by norovirus. It warrants enhancement in the regulation of food safety in canteens and regular examination of norovirus infection in catering industry employees.
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Abstract Background: Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) is one of the major causes of food-borne disease worldwide, mainly associated with the consumption of poultry products, such as eggs. Several control methods have been implemented in the egg production process, but they have not effectively reduced the outbreaks. Therefore, the use of bacteriophages for the biocontrol of food-borne pathogens is gaining increasing acceptance. Objective: To evaluate a bacteriophage cocktail's effectiveness in reducing SE counts in an experimentally contaminated mayonnaise-like matrix. Methods: Homemade mayonnaise was contaminated with SE (103 CFU/ml) with equal volume to a matrix (1:1) treated with a bacteriophage cocktail (five phages, MOI 105), and stored at 21 °C for 24 and 72 h. Bacterial counts were performed to evaluate the bio-controlling activity of the cocktail and compared with a contaminated but not treated group. Results: Significant reductions (up to 3.75 log10 CFU/ml) were observed in the bacteriophage-treated groups (p<0.0001). Conclusions: These results demonstrate the effectiveness of bacteriophages as biocontrol agents for Salmonella Enteritidis in a raw-egg-derivative foodstuff. Further studies are needed to prove the reduction in an undiluted homemade mayonnaise.
Resumen Antecedentes: La Salmonella enterica, serovar Enteritidis (SE), es una de las principales causas de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos en todo el mundo, asociadas principalmente al consumo de productos avícolas tales como los huevos. Diferentes métodos de control se han ensayado en el proceso de producción de huevos, pero no han sido capaces de reducir eficazmente los brotes de salmonelosis en las personas. Por esta razón, el uso de bacteriófagos para el control biológico de patógenos transmitidos por los alimentos está ganando cada vez más aceptación. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de un cóctel de bacteriófagos para reducir los recuentos de SE en una matriz similar a la de mayonesa contaminada experimentalmente. Método: La mayonesa casera fue contaminada con SE (103 UFC/ml) en igual volumen que la matriz (1:1), tratada con una mezcla de bacteriófagos (cinco fagos, MOI 105), y almacenada a 21 °C por 24 y 72 h. Se realizaron recuentos bacterianos para evaluar la actividad biocontroladora de la mezcla y compararlos con un grupo contaminado, pero no tratado. Resultados: Se observaron reducciones significativas (hasta 3,75 log10 CFU/ml) en los grupos tratados con bacteriófagos (p<0,0001). Conclusiones: Estos resultados demuestran la efectividad del uso de bacteriófagos como agentes de biocontrol de Salmonella Enteritidis en un alimento crudo derivado del huevo. Sin embargo, se necesita realizar más estudios para comprobar la reducción en mayonesa casera no diluida.
Resumo Antecedentes: Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) é uma das principais causas de doenças transmitidas por alimentos em todo o mundo, principalmente associada ao consumo de produtos derivados de aves, como ovos. Diferentes métodos de controle foram implementados no processo de produção de ovos, mas não foram capazes de reduzir efetivamente os surtos nas pessoas. Por esse motivo, o uso de bacteriófagos para o controle biológico de patógenos de origem alimentar está ganhando crescente aceitação. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia de um coquetel de bacteriófagos na redução da contagem de SE em uma matriz experimentalmente semelhante a maionese contaminada. Método: A maionese caseira foi contaminada com SE (103 UFC/ml) no mesmo volume da matriz (1:1), tratada com uma mistura de bacteriófagos (cinco fagos, MOI 105) e armazenada a 21 °C por 24 e 72 h. As contagens bacterianas foram realizadas para avaliar a atividade de biocontrole da mistura e comparadas com um grupo contaminado, mas não tratado. Resultados: Reduções significativas (até 3,75 log10 UFC/ ml) foram observadas nos grupos tratados com bacteriófagos (p<0,0001). Conclusões: Esses resultados demonstram a eficácia do uso de bacteriófagos como agentes de biocontrole de Salmonella Enteritidis em alimentos crus derivados de ovos, mas são necessários mais estudos para verificar a redução da maionese caseira não diluída.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and the detection of pathogenic microorganisms in the cases of foodborne diseases under active surveillance in Xi'an, and to provide references for prevention and control of foodborne diseases. Methods Information on surveillance cases of foodborne diseases reported by two sentinel hospitals in Xi'an from 2017 to 2019 was collected. Data was statistically analyzed. Results From 2017 to 2019, a total of 904 cases of active surveillance of foodborne diseases were reported by two active surveillance sentinel hospitals in Xi'an. There were more cases in the age groups of 1-5 and 5-8, accounting for 35.18% and 20.02%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the number of cases reported in four quarters（χ2=545.38，P2=321.92，P2= 26.49，P2=92.17，P<0.05） in different seasons, and the detection rate was higher in the first and fourth quarters. Conclusion The main pathogens of food-borne diseases are Norovirus and Salmonella in Xi'an. It is suggested that active surveillance should be strengthened. The prevention and control knowledge of foodborne diseases should be carried out according to the epidemiological characteristics.
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Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and its associated protein gene system can limit the horizontal gene transfer, thereby effectively preventing the invasion of foreign gene elements such as bacteriophages. CRISPR arrays of different bacteria are diverse. Based on the differences in the CRISPR system, this review summarizes the application of CRISPR in food-borne pathogen evolution analysis, detection and typing, virulence and antibiotic resistance in recent years. We also address bacterial detection typing method developed based on the characteristics of CRISPR arrays and the association of CRISPR with virulence and drug resistance of food-borne pathogens. The shortcomings of CRISPR in evolution, detection and typing, virulence and resistance applications are analyzed. In addition, we suggest standardizing CRISPR typing methods, improving and expanding the CRISPR database of pathogenic bacteria, and further exploring the co-evolution relationship between phages and bacteria, to provide references for further exploration of CRISPR functions.
Subject(s)
Bacteria/genetics , Bacteriophages/genetics , CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics , Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/genetics , Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics , Virulence/geneticsABSTRACT
Food-borne parasitic diseases include meat-borne, fish-borne, plant-borne, water-borne, mollusk-borne and freshwater crustacean-borne parasitic diseases. The review summarizes the current status and control of 6 major food-borne parasitic diseases in China, including clonorchiasus, paragonimiasis, Taenia solium taeniasis, toxoplasmosis, trichinellosis and angiostrongyliasis, aiming to increase the understanding of food-borne parasitic diseases and provide insights into the development of the control strategy for food-borne parasitic diseases. The transmission of food-borne parasitic diseases are predominantly associated with diet, and neither eating raw nor semi-cooked food is the most effective measure to prevent the development of food-borne parasitic diseases.
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Objective To analyze serotype distribution, drug resistance, quinolone resistance gene carrying status and genetic relationship of foodborne Salmonella and human Salmonella isolates in Changzhou from 2012 to 2018, to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of Salmonella. Methods The serum type was identified by serum agglutination and liquid chip. The antibiotic sensitivity was determined by micro broth dilution method. The quinolone antibiotic resistance gene was determined by gene sequencing method. The multilocus sequence typing ( MLST ) typing was performed on quinolone-resistant Salmonella, and the genetic relationship was analyzed by BioNumerics 8.0. Results A total of 10 and 36 serotypes were detected in 46 foodborne Salmonella strains and 152 human Salmonella strains, respectively. The dominant serotypes were Indiana Salmonella and Salmonella typhimurium. Erythromycin resistance rate was the highest in both Salmonella strains, and the proportion of multidrug-resistant bacteria was 93.47 % ( 43 / 46 ) and 80.92 % ( 123 / 152 ), respectively. 38 strains of quinolone-resistant foodborne Salmonella GyrA subunit mainly occurred double mutations Asp87Asn, Ser83Phe, ParC subunit mainly occurred single mutation Ser80Arg, 119 strains of quinolone-resistant human Salmonella qnrS gene detection rate was higher, reached 68.1 % ( 81 / 119 ) ; The dominant ST types of quinolone-resistant Salmonella from two sources were ST17 and ST19, respectively. Conclusions The antibiotic sensitivity of the two Salmonella resistant strains from Changzhou was the same ; Synergistic drug resistance, but both quinolone resistance genemutations and carry inconsistent ; The ST type distribution of quinolone resistant strains isalso inconsistent, and the genetic relationship is far. It is suggested that the probability of Salmonella resistant bacteria infection caused by food transmission in our region is small, and the treatment of the two should be differentiated.
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To analyze the etiology and epidemiological characteristics of gastroenteritis virus in foodborne diseases from three cities in Shandong. From January to December 2017, six sentinel hospitals in Jinan, Yantai and Linyi city of Shandong Province were selected as the research sites. Stool samples of 1 397 diarrhea patients were collected, as well as basic information and clinical symptoms. Duplex quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect Norovirus genogroupⅠ (Nov GⅠ) and genogroupⅡ (Nov GⅡ), Sapovirus (SAV) and Human astrovirus (HAstV), respectively, quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect group A Rotavirus (RVA), and quantitative PCR was used to detect Enteric adenovirus (EAdV). The specific gene of the virus were sequenced and typed. It was compared that the gastroenteritis virus rate in cases with different characteristics and the clinical symptoms difference between the virus positive and negative cases. The median age ((25), (75)) was 23 (1, 42) , mainly male, 57.48% with 803 cased and children under 5 years old, 36.36% with 508 cases. The positive rate of gastroenteritis virus was 33.93% (474 cases), and that of Jinan, Linyi and Yantai City were 32.03% (147/459), 41.54% (189/455) and 28.57% (138/483), respectively (0.001). Nov GⅡ had the highest positive rate, 16.54% (231 cases), which, mainly GⅡ.P16/GⅡ.2 (48.28%, 56/116), peaked in May (24.75%, 50/202) and June (19.59%, 38/194). In patients of gastroenteritis virus positive, 44.51% (211/474) had vomiting symptoms, higher than that of patients of gastroenteritis virus negative (34.13%, 315/923). The difference was statistically significant (0.001). In Shandong Province, the majority of gastroenteritis patients were male and children under 5 years old. Nov GⅡ possessed highest epidemic intensity, and peaked in spring and summer. Viral gastroenteritis had atypical clinical symptoms.
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Objective@#To analyze the etiology and epidemiological characteristics of gastroenteritis virus in foodborne diseases from three cities in Shandong.@*Methods@#From January to December 2017, six sentinel hospitals in Jinan, Yantai and Linyi city of Shandong Province were selected as the research sites. Stool samples of 1 397 diarrhea patients were collected, as well as basic information and clinical symptoms. Duplex quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect Norovirus genogroupⅠ (Nov GⅠ) and genogroupⅡ (Nov GⅡ), Sapovirus (SAV) and Human astrovirus (HAstV), respectively, quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect group A Rotavirus (RVA), and quantitative PCR was used to detect Enteric adenovirus (EAdV). The specific gene of the virus were sequenced and typed. It was compared that the gastroenteritis virus rate in cases with different characteristics and the clinical symptoms difference between the virus positive and negative cases.@*Results@#The median age (P25, P75) was 23 (1, 42) , mainly male, 57.48% with 803 cased and children under 5 years old, 36.36% with 508 cases. The positive rate of gastroenteritis virus was 33.93% (474 cases), and that of Jinan, Linyi and Yantai City were 32.03% (147/459), 41.54% (189/455) and 28.57% (138/483), respectively (P<0.001). Nov GⅡ had the highest positive rate, 16.54% (231 cases), which, mainly GⅡ.P16/GⅡ.2 (48.28%, 56/116), peaked in May (24.75%, 50/202) and June (19.59%, 38/194). In patients of gastroenteritis virus positive, 44.51% (211/474) had vomiting symptoms, higher than that of patients of gastroenteritis virus negative (34.13%, 315/923). The difference was statistically significant (P<0.001).@*Conclusion@#In Shandong Province, the majority of gastroenteritis patients were male and children under 5 years old. Nov GⅡ possessed highest epidemic intensity, and peaked in spring and summer. Viral gastroenteritis had atypical clinical symptoms.
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Objective To investigate the contamination status of food-borne pathogens in foods sold in Guangzhou, and find the potential food safety hazards, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating food safety measures. Methods From 2013 to 2018, a total of 5 021 food samples from 15 common diets of residents were collected for monitoring Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio vulnificus, Salmonella, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and Vibrio cholerae. Results Among 5 021 samples, a total of 424 samples were found to carry foodborne pathogens, with a total detection rate of 8.44%. Vibrio parahaemolyticus had the highest detection rate among food-borne pathogens (11.20%), followed by Vibrio vulnificus (9.20%), Bacillus cereus (7.26%), and Staphylococcus aureus (1.72 %), Listeria monocytogenes (1.08%), Escherichia coli (0.86%), and Salmonella (0.48%). Vibrio cholerae was not detected. Among different food categories, the detection rate of aquatic products was the highest, reaching 43.52%, followed by raw aquatic animal food products (16.24%), imported raw livestock and poultry meat (11.11%), foods sold in vendors (10.62%), and baked foods (10.56%). The difference in the detection rate of food-borne pathogens among different foods was statistically significant. Analysis of the detection rate of foods from different sampling locations showed that the highest detection rate was in online shops (22.92%), followed by caterings (12.49%), vendors (11.21%), supermarket (8.995), farmers’ markets (8.59%), and the lowest was retail stores (5.63%). The highest detection rate was found in the third quarter (10.04%), followed by the second quarter (9.81%), and the lowest was in the first quarter (6.43%). Conclusion There was contamination with food-borne pathogens at different degrees in foods sold in Guanghzou. The food safety risk monitoring should be carried out continuously. The prevention and control should be focused on foods with a higher risk of contamination of food-borne pathogens including aquatic animal products, frozen livestock and poultry meat, foods sold in vendors and baked foods.
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Background: Unsafe food is a serious concern for human health and well-being and has surfaced as a burning issue worldwide. Aims: The present work was aimed at assessing the awareness, behavior and practices of food safety and hygiene among Women in Eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A comprehensive questionnaire was designed for collecting required data. The questionnaire comprised mainly of three questions pertaining to food safety issue like (1) knowledge and attitude of food handling (buying, storage and serving food), (2) behavior and practices, (3) food safety knowledge & awareness. The data were analyzed for descriptive, frequency distribution and percentages using SPSS software. Results: Findings indicated that 40% of the women purchased their foods and needs on weekly basis with high rate for the chicken (67.7%) and meat (57.9%), while 26.4% “weekly” utilize or cook vegetables and fruits. 96.2%, 97.4% and 98.3% of the women “always” washed their hands after touching raw chicken/meats and fish, while 48.9% utilized separate cutting boards/knives for raw chicken/meat and fish. However, 89.8% of respondent female rinse cutting boards, knives and plates used for chicken/meats and fish before using them for other food. Only 22.6% of the women “always” checked their fridge temperature (4°C), while 28.1% and 23.4% of the female believed that it was “safe” to leave hot or cold foods out of the fridge for more than 4 hours, respectively. 60% of women believed that it was safe practices to thaw food outside the fridge. Conclusion: Majority of the women in Eastern region (>90%) were well aware of food safety and wash their hands, cutting boards, knives and plates. However, about 25% of the respondent’s female believed that it was “safe” to leave hot/cold foods out of the fridge for more than 4 hours, while 60% believed it was “safe” to defrost frozen foods outside the fridge.
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Background & objectives: Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli strains are common agents of diarrhoea particularly in developing countries. Food products of animal origin are considered as common carriers of E. coli. This study was undertaken to identify enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) pathotypes in animal-source foods (ASF). Methods: A total of 222 ASF samples were investigated. Based on the culture and biochemical tests, 109 E. coli isolates were identified. Duplex-polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect ETEC and EPEC. The target genes selected for each category were the lt and st for the ETEC, and eae and bfp for the EPEC isolates. Results: The occurrence of E. coli in dairy and meat products was 45 and 52.5 per cent, respectively. Among the E. coli isolates, two ETEC, one typical EPEC and three atypical EPEC were detected in meat samples, whereas only one typical EPEC and one atypical EPEC were detected in dairy samples. Interpretation & conclusions: Our results showed presence of ETEC and EPEC strains in ASFs. The milk without pasteurization and traditional dairy products produced in unhygienic conditions are most likely the main sources of E. coli pathotypes and other zoonotic pathogens and thus can be considered a potential hazard to the health of the community.
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ABSTRACT Objective: The antibacterial activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Liquorice) roots was evaluated against several food-borne bacterial pathogens. Methods: The in vitro anti-bacterial activity was evaluated by determining the zone diameter of inhibition (ZDI), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using the aqueous. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts of the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra. Results: Therefore, significant increase in inhibitory feature was observed because of increase in extracts concentration. In addition, the aqueous extract was more effective than the others; while, among the tested bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most sensitive and the most resistant, respectively. Conclusion: Extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots can potentially be used in the pharmaceutical and food industries as preservatives or antimicrobial agents.
RESUMEN Objetivo: La actividad antibacteriana del extracto de raíces de Glycyrrhiza glabra (regaliz) fue evaluada frente a varias bacterias patógenas trasmitidas por los alimentos. Métodos: La actividad antimicrobiana se evalúa determinando el diámetro de la zona de inhibición (DZI), y la concentración bactericida mínima (CBM). Extractos acuosos, etanólicos y metanólicos de la raíz de Glycyrrhiza glabra fueron analizados en su actividad antibacteriana in vitro. Resultados: Por lo tanto, se observó un aumento significativo en la característica inhibitoria debido al aumento en la concentración de extractos. Además, el extracto acuoso fue más eficaz que los otros, en tanto que, entre las bacterias probadas, Staphylococcus aureus y Pseudomonas aeruginosa fueron las más sensibles y las más resistentes, respectivamente. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que los extractos de raíz de Glycyrrhiza glabra tienen un uso potencial en la industria farmacéutica y alimentaria, y pueden ser útiles como conservantes o agentes antimicrobianos.